Music Therapy and Child Abuse - 2013 Words

Literature Review The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between survivors of child abuse in music therapy sessions on reported self-esteem and perceived locus of control. Sawyer and Judd (2012) define child abuse as a â€Å"tragedy that harms children psychologically, emotionally and physically while disrupting healthy development.† Survivors of childhood trauma must live in fear of the accused perpetrator, go to numerous court proceedings, and manage complications associated with changes in family dynamics. Even though it is typically paired with abuse, because child neglect is legally separated, it will not be included in this study when referring to typical abuse (Sawyer Judd, 2012). As cited in an article by Sawyer and†¦show more content†¦These traditional therapies help with client’s psychosocial needs, but often fail to take into account the victims broken relationship with their physical body. Dance is another universal language, simi lar to music therapy (Miles Daniluk, 2002). This study found that a body-inclusive counseling approach is important when working with survivors of child trauma. It is only natural for music therapy to be used to treat survivors of childhood trauma. Music therapy has already been widely used with abused women and men. Hernà ¡ndez-Ruiz, 2005, studied the effect of music therapy on anxiety and sleep patterns of abused women in shelters. Domestic violence effects 22.1% of the women in the United States Hernà ¡ndez-Ruiz, 2005; those who have been abused are more likely to abuse others (Myers, 2005). In this study, Hernà ¡ndez-Ruiz states that these women have the following symptom: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), maladaptive coping mechanisms, perceived absence of support, anxiety and depression. These are similar symptoms that are suggested for victims of child abuse. The researcher found significant differences between those subjects who received music therapy and those who did not receive music therapy. In another study with women who have experienced intimate partner violence by Teague, Hahna and McKinney in 2006, the researcher studied the effects of music therapy with creative arts on anxiety, depression and self-esteem. Silverman states thatShow MoreRelatedMusic Therapy And How Music Is A Positive Non Pharmacological Way Of Coping With Mental Illness Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorder (McDougall T, 2011). Music and emotions go hand in hand. When you think of your favorite song, it usually puts a smile on your face. Music is a powerful influence because it helps us experience feelings we might be avoiding or feelings we don’t even know are there. When ignored, our emotional health suffers. It’s hard for some people to express their emotions, especially painful or sad ones. In this paper, I will explore the benefits of music therapy and how music is a positive non-pharmacologicalRead MoreMusic Therapy And Its Effects854 Words   |  4 PagesMusic therapy is not currently a widely recognized option of treatment. If an individual goes to see a healthcare professional nowadays, it would be highly unlikely that that individual would receive a recommendation for music therapy treatment. Yet, music therapy is an established field of medical science that dates back to the time of the ancient Greeks. So, what is music therapy? Music therapy is defined as â€Å"treatment including creating, singing, moving to, and/or listening to music† (â€Å"What isRead MoreEssay On Complementary Therapies1141 Words   |  5 Pageshealth conditions are often more effectively addressed with the integration of complementary therapies (Burns et al., 2017). Children and families are turning to CAM for hope in managing illnesses and improving quality of life. CAM includes a variety of products and therapies, new and old, many requiring more research regarding their safety and effectiveness. The largest gap in research of int egrative therapies is in the pediatric population (McClafferty et al., 2017). This lack of data regarding theRead MoreEssay Cerebral Palsy1151 Words   |  5 Pagesapparent until the child is a few months old. â€Å"Ten percent of children who have CP acquire the disorder after birth† (www.ucp.org). This acquired CP is usually caused by brain damage that occurs while the child is a few months old. A car accident or child abuse could be a factor in causing CP in a child that is a few months old. Doctors today classify CP into three categories. The most commonly diagnosed CP in children is called spastic cerebral palsy. This mean the child cannot control orRead MoreA Field Project For Our Business And Society Class By Ricardo Montaner And Marlene Rodriguez Miranda1562 Words   |  7 Pagesthe beneficiaries, and promote zoo-interaction, aqua-experience and equestrian activities, as a fundamental right for each child from its start in life or when the special condition is identified. IMPORTANT FACTS ON: HAI, AQUA-EXPERIENCE AND EQUESTRIAN ACTIVITIES. During the last decade it has become more widely accepted that pet ownership and animal assistance in therapy and education might have a multitude of positive effects on humans. Among the well-documented effects of HAI in humans of differentRead MoreRay Charles Addiction827 Words   |  4 PagesCharles was suffering from substance abuse disorder. Substance disorder is defined as a complex behavioral disorder characterized by preoccupation with obtaining alcohol or other drugs (AOD) and a narrowing of the behavioral repertoire towards excessive consumption and loss of control over consumption. It is usually also accompanied by the development of tolerance and withdrawal and impairment in social and occupational functioning. Ray Charles continued substance abuse caused fights at home, problemsRead MoreDr. Cash And The Depression1610 Words   |  7 PagesJohnny Cash with Major Depressive Disorder as well as Alcohol, Stimulant and Sedative Use Disorder from prior drug and alcohol abu se. It is important to note Johnny states he has been in remission from drugs and alcohol for 40+ years which classifies as sustained remission. I do discuss how he can possibly recover from this disorder. I have chosen the method of family therapy and behavior changes. Mr. Cash will greatly benefit from a strong support system in contrast to the confinement he has chosenRead MoreMusic Education and the Benefits Essay examples1700 Words   |  7 Pages Most understand that music is a useful tool for relaxation and leisure time. Fewer know that learning a musical instrument, or even listening to music for long periods of time, can have a positive impact on one’s academic abilities. Numerous researchers and college professors have looked into this correlation and again and again have produced data that confirms this common theory. Studying music can not only improve academic skills, but sharpen motor skills, memory, and create a well rounded, enrichedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1538 Words   |  7 Pagesthe treatment and therapy to recover and heal. People don’t consider the psychological impact traumatic events may leave. Children go through many difficult things throughout their lives. About 3% to 15% of girls and 1% to 6% of boys develop PTSD. 65% of the abuse it being neglected , 18% physical abuse, 10% sexual abuse and 7% is from mental abuse. Usually these parents don’t pay attention to their children so they tend to feel worthless and low self worth. Whenever a child is physically abusedRead MoreWilderness Therapy : An Alternative Therapy1442 Words   |  6 PagesWilderness Therapy The wilderness is a place known for peacefulness and can have physical and psychological benefits (Hassell, Moore Macbeth, 2015). Wilderness therapy is an alternative therapy, influenced by Outward Bound, which is an outdoor education company with programs for youth and adults. (Hoag, Massey, Roberts, Logan, 2013). Wilderness therapy combines group work, reflection, challenges and trust building exercises, varied length, and clinical assessment (Russell, 2001). Wilderness

Essay about A Comparison of Beowulf and Grendel - 935 Words

The story of Beowulf is a heroic epic chronicling the illustrious deeds of the great Geatish warrior Beowulf, who voyages across the seas to rid the Danes of an evil monster, Grendel, who has been wreaking havoc and terrorizing the kingdom. Beowulf is glorified for his heroic deeds of ridding the land of a fiendish monster and halting its scourge of evil while the monster is portrayed as a repugnant creature who deserves to die because of its evil actions. In the epic poem, Beowulf the authors portrays Grendel as a cold-hearted beast who thrives on the pain of others. Many have disagreed with such a simplistic and biased representation of Grendel and his role in the epic poem. John Gardner in his book, Grendel set out to change the†¦show more content†¦Grendel, is thus seen as the descendant of an individual who epitomizes resentment and malice in Beowulf. The author states Grendel lives in exile and is seen as â€Å"mankind’s enemy†(Raffel, 22). Grendel is the representation of all that is evil and he is declared to be the â€Å"shepherd of evil and the â€Å"guardian of crime†(Raffel, 33) by the Danes in Beowulf. The author describes Grendel to be an evil, cruel, apathetic creature who’s pleasure lies in attacking and devouring Hrothgar’s men. The author describes Grendel’s malice by painting a gruesome picture of Grendel’s countless attacks on the mead hall in which he exhibits Grendel as a heartless, greedy, and violent being who mercilessly murders the men at the mead hall by tearing them apart, cutting their body into bits and drinking the blood from their veins. The author describes Grendel’s greed by stating Grendel’s thoughts were as â€Å"quick as his greed or his claws†(Raffel, 21). He describes Grendel’s as having eyes that â€Å"gleamed in the darkness and burned with a gruesome light†, swift hard claws and great sharp teeth which paints a picture of Gren del’s frightening appearance in the reader’s mind. In contrast to the traditional story of Beowulf, Grendel in John Gardner’s novel, Grendel is not depicted as a monster but as an intelligent creature capable of human thought, feelings and speech. John Gardner portrays Grendel as an outcastShow MoreRelatedGrendel And Beowulf Comparison1192 Words   |  5 Pagesbest people I know and someone I strive to be more like. Is my Daddy like the hero Beowulf or the monster Grendel? The answer can be found by comparing my Daddy, Beowulf, and Grendel on their character, actions, and the impact they have on others. A persons character says a lot about them, in a way it is what defines them. Your character is what you are known for. Beowulf, a fictional hero in the epic poem, â€Å"Beowulf† is perceived to be a very noble, honorable, good man. No, man would not do justiceRead MoreGrendel vs. Beowulf Comparison901 Words   |  4 Pagestranslation of Beowulf and John Gardner’s Grendel. Both novels are based on the idea of Beowulf killing Grendel. However, the two different points of view telling the story create vastly different novels. Beowulf highlights the heroic and positive world in which Beowulf lives. Whereas Grendel elucidates on the miserable life that Grendel is circumscribed to. The consistent variance in tone skews the events in two completely different directions. The tone between Beowulf and Grendel differ in perceptionRead MoreThe Characters And Comparison Of Beowulf And Grendel747 Words   |  3 PagesSympathetically connecting to Grendel In the both works, Beowulf and Grendel, Grendel is portrayed in different matters.The setting of the works take place in the Anglo-Saxon time period, which was present from the years 450- 1056, and the works introduce phenomenal characters. Beowulf, is a Geatish warrior, casts to Denmark to extinguish the danger that roams through the city, saving the people from the hideous creature. Being described as a brave, courageous,and effective, to protect the humansRead MoreA Comparison of Grendel in Beowulf and John Gardners Grendel 739 Words   |  3 PagesIn both works, Beowulf and Grendel, Grendel himself is generally given the same connotations. He is given kennings, called names, referred to as the evil spawn of Cain, and even viewed as a monster; but why? Why in both books is he a wicked, horrible, person who is harshly excluded from everyone? After stumbling upon John Gardners book, it was halfway expected that some excuse would be made for Grendel; that he wasnt really the in exorable monster the thanes in Beowulf portrayed him as. But allRead More A Comparison of Nihilistic and Christian Archetypes in Beowulf and John Gardners Grendel2146 Words   |  9 PagesGrendel, Beowulf and the Relationship Between Nihilistic and Christian Archetypes The Wisdom god, Woden, went out to the king of trolls†¦and demanded to know how order might triumph over chaos. â€Å"Give me your left eye,† said the king of trolls, â€Å"and I’ll tell you.† Without hesitation, Woden gave up his left eye. â€Å"Now tell me.† The troll said, â€Å"The secret is, Watch with both eyes!† Woden’s left eye was the last sure hope of gods and men in their kingdom of light surrounded by darkness. AllRead MoreBeowulf Monster Vs Hero Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes that cancel out their villainy? And vice versa? While Beowulf exhibits a multitude of heroic attributes, his undermining beast like qualities are hard to miss, and essentially pose the question to the reader: What is the relationship between monster and hero, and is there an overlap? The epic Beowulf blurs the lines between what it means to be a hero and villain through the manifestation of an â€Å"evil twin† story between Beowulf and Grendel. Word choice plays a large role in regards to how a characterRead MoreTheme Of Hypocrisy In Beowulf1437 Words   |  6 Pagescorrespond with those standards. The theme of hypocrisy can be detected within the epic poem Beowulf. In this lengthy poem, the Danes are being terrorised by a demon named Grendel. Upon hearing of the Danes predicament, Beowulf, a Geat hero sets out with fourteen other men to help the Danes. All fourteen of them travel across the sea till they reach Denmark, the home of the Danes. Here the monster Grendel has killed and stolen the lives of many. The people of the Danes speak about how these killingsRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Beowulf And The Evil 1555 Words   |  7 Pages2016 The Good in Beowulf and the Evil in the Monsters Beowulf is considered to be the oldest surviving poem that is preserved to date. The poem is believed to date back to about the eighth century, and the written manuscript in the eleventh century (Bjork and Obermeir 17; Neidorf 119). Also, Beowulf is commonly believed to be set in Scandinavia before the migration to Britain, even though there are Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian cultural influences that are apparent when reading the poems storylineRead MoreAnalysis Of Beowulf s Beowulf 968 Words   |  4 PagesSchroder English IV 21 September 2017 Battle Comparison Beowulf is a story about the quests and battles that the main character, Beowulf, endures. Though he faces many challenges, he is able to overcome them because of his superhuman strength and braveness. During the story, Beowulf fights three beasts: Grendel, Grendel’s Mother, and a Dragon. With the strength of 30 men in each hand grip, magical weapons, and the support of Wiglaf, his right hand man, Beowulf is able to defeat all three beasts, butRead MoreBeowulf : A Modern Epic Hero1595 Words   |  7 Pagesin society. Majority of heroes have superhuman abilities compared to abilities of gods’. In the story of Beowulf, readers get to see a young audacious hero show the abilities of loyalty, wisdom, and physical strength. As I read the story, I saw that Beowulf matures into a man who doesn’t simply upkeep about individual magnificence and integrity but cares about his society as a leader. Beowulf is compared to a modern epic hero because he is fighting for a goo d cause, rewarded for doing the right thing

Types of Smiles Free Essays

The Meaning of a Smile A smile is the universal welcome. They come in many different shapes, sizes, and even meanings. When someone decides to flash their pearly whites at a passerby, what exactly do they mean by it? I smile all day long for my customers, but that doesn’t mean that I am always happy to be around them. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Smiles or any similar topic only for you Order Now People link smiling to being one of the friendliest gestures one can receive. However, a smile is deceitful and can be taken in many different ways, and wore on many different occasions. Everybody has experienced that moment in their life when they have truly been happy. They smile all day long and can’t even find one reason why. Those smiles are the best ones to see and, oddly enough, they can even improve someones looks. They are simple smiles that brighten up the entire face and put the sparkle in their eyes. Happy smiles cannot be faked or forced and they curve from ear to ear. People that normally wear happy smiles are ones that are able to put the past behind them. Happy people always seem to be happy and they are fun to be around. The people that frequently use this smile often laughs a lot more than most people. They can also be picked out easily in a crowd because their smiles are genuine. This is a smile that reflects a happy and joyful heart. Children are the best at the famous naughty or â€Å"Up-to-no-good† smiles. These smiles can normally be seen when someone has been caught red handed. For most people, these smiles are humorous and can easily be picked out because of the red faces they cause. Naughty smiles cause the eyebrows to raise, cheeks to redden, and they seem to show more teeth than normal. One can typically find an up-to-no-good smile on a student that was just caught cheating on a test, or a toddler that didn’t hide their vegetables very well. These smiles show defeat, yet the person wearing them is willing to fight their way out of trouble. Forced smiles are commonly found in Christmas card photos or around the hallways in a high school. These smiles are fake and clearly take more energy to make than a person originally planned to give. Forced smiles are not attractive and do not hide the fact that the person would rather not be smiling. Fake smiles portray an attitude of â€Å"I am better than you† to anyone that witnesses them. Preteens seem to abuse this smile more than others, then wonder why their parents tell them to â€Å"be nice. High School aged girls have the fake smile perfected, however it looks more like a smirk. It is their way of saying something rude, without saying anything at all. This smile can be paired with an eye roll and a flip of the hair for dramatic effect, but often times the smile alone could kill. When an individual overhears a spicy conversation it sometimes ends with an amused smile. These smiles can either be one of humor or horror, depending on the circumstance. Amused smiles are almost a smug look; the eyes squinted just a little to hide the giggle trying to escape, and the mouth closed yet curved just enough to show a pair of dimples. An amused smile is one to watch for in a crowd or when telling secrets, because often times the one sharing the smile will share the story to someone else. Confidence is a necessary trait in anybody, and a smile to go with it is sometimes a pleasant thing to see on a person. However, some people like to show it off more than others and it quickly turns into a not-so-pleasant smirk. For example, pageant queens and teenage boys with fancy cars. From the moment the girls walk on the stage, or the boys turn on their car, there is a switch that turns on in their head that makes them believe they are â€Å"on top of the world. Their smiles tell all. A smirk looks almost as if the person is boasting. You can tell a smirk from any other smile because the person’s nose is stuck up so high in the air there is a shadow over top of their mouth. These smiles often result in a loss of true friends or a harsh fall back down to Earth. A true confident smile, however, don’t come around very often. Confidence has to build just enough to make the smile look proud, yet subtle. This smile can sometimes take years to develop, but when it’s there it’s hard to remove. The best way to explain a confident smile would be through example. Such as, a high school freshman trying out for the Varsity Dance Team at her school. As she walks into the gym to show off her double turn, she looks nervous (even though she has it perfected). However, after everything is said and done, she nailed it. She now can walk proudly out of that gym with a very confident smile on her face, knowing she made the dance team. A smile radiates from a person no matter what or who it is meant for, however a confident smile radiates from the core and is there for everybody to see. Smiling can be the answer to all of our problems, to everyone around the world. It is there to say what we shouldn’t say out loud, or to just simply show that we are happy. Everybody smiles for some reason, it’s just something we as human beings can’t escape from. It is often interesting to think about why we smile, or why we show emotions at all. Often times, it seems as if smiling is our way of letting all of our emotions escape in one simple gesture. Our smiles are uniquely limitless in meanings, and because of that, we are able to hide behind them and only show what we really want to be seen. How to cite Types of Smiles, Papers

Practice of Cash Converters and its Impact

Question: Discuss about the Practice of Cash Converters and its Impact. Answer: Introduction In the current scenario, financial institutions including money exchanger plays a very important role in easy running of day to day life of an individual. In order to meet any requirements either of the business or of the daily needs, every person and every organization requires the funds. These funds are obtained through these financial institutions by having the credit appraisal from the respective financial institutions and then according to the score and eligibility the fund is granted along with the schedule of repayment. In the given case study, the class action filed by customers against Cash Converters International Limited, being the renowned company for providing cash advance and cash loans, is discussed and its impact in terms of financial on the company itself and socially and ethically towards the stakeholders have been discussed. This is the very objective of the study and in order to make the study attractive the report has been bifurcated in different parts and therea fter the conclusion has been given. Class Action and Ethics in Practice Class Action is the term used to define the action taken by the group of people against some unjust done to them. In the given case, the class action has been taken by the group of people who have availed the services of the Cash Converters International Limited. The company is registered in Australia in the early eighties and since then has been engaged in the business of providing the cash loans and cash advances to the customers. Cash Converters International Limited main business is of franchising and has been one of the old franchisor in Australia (Cash Converters Webiste, 2016). Through the franchisees the cash loans and advances are given after appraising the financial documents and creditworthiness of the borrower. The main requirement is that the borrower should have the Australian Resident ship card. Being the company listed in the Australian Stock exchange, the customers have the view that the functioning of the company is very much true and fair and will not involve the c ustomers in any circumstances or any habit which is not ethical or which is against the prevailing norms of the business. But their views were wrong. In Actual the practice of the company to extent was not feasible. Some circumstances has happened which has led them to file Class Action. Class Action documented in Annual Report In the annual report of the company for the year ending 2015, the class action has been documented (Cash Converters Webiste, 2016). The main reason is the practice followed by the company. Company gives advance and loans to the borrowers as per result of their bank statement and income statement. All these loans are short term and not more than twelve months. They charges fees and pay the net amount to the borrower. In addition to this they have easily avoided the interest rate cap of forty eight percent and have charged the interest rates as up to six hundred and thirty three percent (Knaus, 2017). Also the fees that they have deducted from the loan amount as Establishment Fees gets included in the repayment schedule and very deceitfully gets the forged documents signed from the customer. This has been noticed by the customers at the very last stage when their earnings are going directly in the repayment of loan and they are having the cash crunch. This has led the customers to file suit against them for and on behalf of 37000 customers as Class Action. The customers belong to the period from 2009 to 2013 (Mauris, 2017). Ethics in Practice Ethics are defined as the set of standards for conduct for humans or organization which basically monitors and directs the behavior of the human or an organization. Ethics in business are thus defined as the standards that monitor and direct the behavior in doing business (Darus, 2015). In the given case study, Cash Converters International Limited have deliberately and knowingly that the act is not lawful have get the documents signed from the customers and have charged higher interest rates. Faced by the cash crunch and long due repayments, even then the customers are receiving the text message and e mail from the company stating the amount available for loan or advance. This has further led the customers to associate with the practice of Gambling or speculation. Borrowers in the view of repaying the loans avails higher amount of loan and thus the amount of principal gets increased and thereby the amount of interest gets high as much as not comparable. Therefore , the practice followed by the company is totally unethical as also mentioned in the theory of Consequential Ethics as the correctness of the act is solely determined by the consequence generated out of it. Thus, the practice is unethical which has led to class action and also the documentation in the Annual Report. Every organization will have the goodwill in terms of monetary as well non monetary terms if it follows ethics in business and have system of good corporate governance in place. On the other hand the company which have indulge its functions in an unethical practice and even violated the laws to higher extent then its repercussions will not only reflected in the financial terms but also in the non financial terms. The major financial impact has been noticed and observed in the annual report for the financial year ending 2015. It is the year in which the fact of class action has been mentioned. The practice that has led to such situations has been followed by the company from 2009 to the year 2013 (Cash Converters Webiste, 2016).. The company has the following in terms of the financial impact: The Net profit of the company has been relatively decreased by one hundred and eighty eight percent in the year ending 2015 as compared to the year ending 2014 (Cash Converters Webiste, 2016).. The profitability has been decreased mainly due to the fact that the settlement made in the class action comes out with twenty three million dollar which has been recognized as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss Account and has been correspondingly recognized as Liability in the Balance Sheet (Chettle, 2015). Earnings per share have been greatly decreased due the decrease in the Net Profit attributable to the shareholders of the company (Cash Converters Webiste, 2016).. This has further reduced the interest of the investors to invest in the company as the shareholders wealth has been greatly decreased. Thus, share price of the company has also been decreased. Cash Flows have the positive impact in the year 2015. The cash flows generated through the three activities namely investment, operating and financing have positive results and shows that the company is still cash rich company (Cash Converters Webiste, 2016). But on the other hand the cash flow position has been hampered due to the repayment of the different borrowers in the next year. Due to which the bank who has extended the credit facilities has taken their amount back being in a position of getting it as Non Performing Assets. Social Responsibility and Sustainability Corporate Social Responsibility is regarded as significant term in the todays era. It not only takes into account the growth and profitability of an organization but also considers the various interests of the society and the relevant environment. This consideration towards the society and the environment includes the effect of the activities and working of the organization towards the stakeholders, shareholders, customers, employees and all others. Corporate Sustainability is the term which is closely linked with the term of Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Sustainability is very broader in terms and is defined as the processes that balance the requirement of profit motive with the protection of environment and equitable distribution of resources in the Society. Both the concept being interchangeable shall be incorporated by every organization to ensure the ethic and corporate governance in system (Cocris, 2010). In general, the financial institutions shall have the policy documenting the social responsibility. It includes moral responsibility of the companies and employees, compliance with the statutory compliance, fulfilling the daily needs and requirements of the changing world and most importantly the management of these activities. In the given case study, Cash Converters being financial institution have followed and practiced the business of franchising but have deviated from these two concepts. The concepts major emphasis is on the stakeholders including the customers of the organization. The company has not considered its responsibility towards the society and environment rather has treated it as medium for earning profits by any means including cheating. Therefore, neither the company has followed neither the concept of corporate social responsibility nor the concept of sustainability and thus has led to the situation of class action. Conclusion Financial Institutions help every individual, company or any other person to meet their needs depending upon their profile. Cash Converters International Limited being well known company has been in the business of franchising since 1984 and is engaged in providing loans and advances to the prospective borrowers. Over the time the practice followed by the company has initiated the sense of gambling among the borrowers and which has ended up with the class action filed against the company. Due to this, the financial position and performance of the company has deteriorated. This has further thrown light on the non incorporation of corporate social responsibility and sustainability. Thus, to conclude every company shall have ethics in all functions of the organization. Reference Cash Converters Website, (2016), Annual Reports available on https://www.cashconverters.com/Investors/AnnualReports accessed on 11-04-2017. Knaus C, (2017), Cash Converters Profits Dive after move to stamp out high fee pay day loans, available at https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/mar/08/cash-converters-profits-dive-after-move-to-stamp-out-high-fee-payday-loans accessed on 12-04-2017. Mauris, (2017), Cash Converters Class Action in Queensland, available on https://www.mauriceblackburn.com.au/current-class-actions/cash-converters-class-action-in-queensland/ accessed on 12-04-2017. Chettle N, (2015), Cash Converters to refund thousands of people for charging up to 633% interest in loans, available on https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-18/cash-converters-reach-settlement-partial-refund-loans/6556018 accessed on 12-04-2017. Darus F, (2015), Ethical and Social Responsibility of Financial Institutions : Influence of Internal and External Pressure, available on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212567115010990 accessed on 12-04-2017. Cocris V, (2010), Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability in Romanian Commercial Banks, available on https://anale.feaa.uaic.ro/anale/resurse/fin4cocris.pdf accessed on 11-04-2017.

Avian Influenza essays

Avian Influenza essays Avian Influenza is a contagious virus that usually infects all species of birds, but it has recently been tracked to infect humans as well, putting many people at fear of an influenza pandemic. This virus is normally found in free flying birds for example, shorebirds, gulls and other seabirds. The problem arises when domestic poultry like chicken and turkeys become infected and has recently been connected to humans today. The first reports of Avian Influenza were in Italy in 1878 where it was seen as a serious disease of chickens. At the time they called it the fowl plague it wasnt till many years later that they changed it to Avian Influenza. It was 1955 when they determined it one of the influenza viruses. What determines a virus to be influenza is whether or not the virus particle has an envelope with glycoprotein projections with hem agglutinating and neuraminidase activity. This sounds very complicated but, these two surface antigens are identified in simpler terms with only the letters H and N. It has been recorded that there are 15 hem agglutinating and 9 neuraminidase antigens in a type A influenza. Which brings us to types A, B, C influenzas; type A is the most common influenza virus that will affect domestic animals in addition to the possibility of humans. Type B and C influenza does not have the ability to infect domestic animals, it is not as harmful. Surprisingly, Avian influenza norm ally doesnt make wild birds sick, but domesticated birds become very ill and in many instances it will kill them. Generally this virus doesnt infect humans; however there have been some reports for human outbreaks since 1997, letting us know that Avian Influenza is a risky Type A influenza. In order to see the symptoms of Avian Influenza in humans we need to know the characteristics of Avian Influenza in birds. The virus is carried in their intestines and spread by shedding it. The ways in which birds shed th...

Analysis of Roger and Me Concepts of Marx and Durkheim essays

Analysis of Roger and Me Concepts of Marx and Durkheim essays Michael Moores Roger and Me is about Moores home town of Flint, Michigan. He shows the viewer first hand the breaking down of what was once a booming town. The town of Flint was home to General Motors which employed many of the towns residents. General Motors was a key contributor to the town socially and economically. Many of the residents were bonded by their ties to General Motors and the parades and other festivities that GM supplied that kept the locals loyal to the company. That is why it was so devastating when GM closed 11 of their plants in Flint and moved their business to Mexico in order to gain profit and stay competitive. In the movie Moore shows us the consequences of the closing of the GM plants in Flint as well as his underlying quest to talk to GM chairman, Roger Smith, to get him to spend a day in Flint and meet the people that lost their jobs. Durkheim and Marx would have different views on what happened in Flint. Durkheim would say that Flints disintegration as a community was due to its lack of social order where Marxs theories would solely revolve around the economic system. Durkheim would say that GM played such a major role in the lives of all of its workers that when GM left no one knew what to do. He would also say the reason Flint was doing so well before the closing was because of its great collective conscience. The fact that many families were being supported by the same wages from the same company and the parents of the families worked together made the local families feel connected in some way. The manifest function of GM was that it produced cars and jobs and its latent function was that it provided community identification through parades and other family functions. Durkheim measured the degree of collective conscience through suicide rates. Durkheim probably would have found that after the plants i n Flint closed there were a higher number of suicides, esp...

The Cost of Complying with Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 404 Research Paper

The Cost of Complying with Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 404 - Research Paper Example â€Å"Sarbanes-Oxley Act†, otherwise known as â€Å"SOX†, is the America’s federal law which sets latest or improved standards for all U.S.A based management and public accounting firms. (Coffee, 2006). In 2002, SOX was introduced in retort to frequent occurrence of major accounting and corporate scandals, including scandals such as Tyco International and Enron. (Coffee, 2006). The main purpose of the â€Å"Sarbanes-Oxley Act† is to regain the confidence in the capital market by enforcing mandatory standards and rules for companies. The scandal involving Enron Corporation was one of the main drivers behind the enactment of Sarbanes-Oxley Act. CEO, Kenneth L. Lay, was responsible for hiding billions of dollars in debt from failed deals and projects. â€Å"Nearly $11 billion were lost by Investors when stock quotes of Enron, which remained at the top of $90 per stock during the middle of 2000, plunged to less than $1 at the close of November 2001.† (Benston, 2006). In December 2001, Enron filed for bankruptcy and Lay was found to be involved in one of the biggest accounting fraud crimes in U.S. history. As a result of scandals like Enron and the public bankruptcy of such well-recognized businesses, US Congress passed the â€Å"Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.† (Coffee, 2006). This bill made it mandatory for all public companies to have internal financial auditing controls and an external auditor. Sarbanes-Oxley Act amplified consequences for destructing, changing, or cooking up accounting records during investigations conducted by Federal agencies or for trying to deceive stockholders. The accountability of auditing firms has been increased by SOX so as to make them to remain unprejudiced and autonomous of their clients. (Coffee, 2006). Sarbanes-Oxley Act demands that the â€Å"Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)† to put into practice rulings on needs to adhere

Choose Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choose - Annotated Bibliography Example African Americans have always suffered according to the book Gates, Henry L. Life Upon These Shores: Looking at African American History, 1513-2008. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011. Print. It illustrates some of the troubles they encountered as slaves and soldiers in the 1800s. these issues are also seen in The Revolution as majority of the colored soldiers are not allowed to hold special weapons as they are not qualified and they are black. They are not given the opportunity to escape from the war as their fellow soldiers kill them. Both the movie and the book explain this. The Revolution also indicates that slaves were sometimes confused on the people they supported. This is further explained by the book Smith, Gene A. The Slaves Gamble: Choosing Sides in the War of 1812. , 2013. Print. They were sometimes offered freedom by their enemies or even enticed by money and property. The movie indicates that some of the slaves took the offer only to realize that it was all lies. They found themselves being treated as slaves or even sold as prisoners of war to their previous owners. Smith also indicates that some of the African American who fought in the war of 1812 did not receive compensation or rewards for their participation in the war. Wilson, Joseph T, and Dudley T. Cornish. The Black Phalanx: African American Soldiers in the War of Independence, the War of 1812, and the Civil War. New York: Da Capo Press, 1994. Print, shows that the participation of the African Americans in the war changed a lot of things. For instance, both the movie and the book indicate that the whites started to view them differently. They started to treat them as their fellow human beings and not slaves. There are others who were viewed as brothers to the soldiers. This is seen in the movie as one of the soldiers share a meal with one of the slaves.

Taxation Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Taxation Case study - Essay Example The pension contributions made wholly and exclusively for the business purposes are deductible in the accounting period in which the payment is made. However the company may opt to spread it over a period o up to five years, if such contributions have exceeded 210 percent of the previous year's contribution. The capital gains and losses are, generally, calculated in the same way for companies as for individuals. While the net gains are included in the chargeable income, there is no taper relief that applies for individuals available to companies. No annual exemption is available to companies. Trading losses can be set off against all other income and gains of the accounting period, with provisions available for carry back and carry forward. Capital losses can be set off only against capital gains. This allowance is given at the rate of 4 percent on the eligible expenditure on the construction of industrial buildings or structures that are used for qualifying purposes. For claiming this allowance, the building should have been in actual use at the end of the chargeable period. A claim of 100 percent can be made if the expenditure is incurred on the construction of certain commercial buildings, including hotels located in enterprise zones. For capital expenditure on certain plant and machinery with at least 25 years of long working life and with a minimum expen... deduction of 25% is available for large companies. The pension contributions made wholly and exclusively for the business purposes are deductible in the accounting period in which the payment is made. However the company may opt to spread it over a period o up to five years, if such contributions have exceeded 210 percent of the previous year's contribution. Capital Gains: The capital gains and losses are, generally, calculated in the same way for companies as for individuals. While the net gains are included in the chargeable income, there is no taper relief that applies for individuals available to companies. No annual exemption is available to companies. Trading Losses: Trading losses can be set off against all other income and gains of the accounting period, with provisions available for carry back and carry forward. Capital losses can be set off only against capital gains. Capital Allowances: The following are some of the capital allowances available to the companies: Writing Down Allowance for Industrial Buildings: This allowance is given at the rate of 4 percent on the eligible expenditure on the construction of industrial buildings or structures that are used for qualifying purposes. For claiming this allowance, the building should have been in actual use at the end of the chargeable period. A claim of 100 percent can be made if the expenditure is incurred on the construction of certain commercial buildings, including hotels located in enterprise zones. Allowances on Plant and Machinery: Writing Down Allowance at the 25 percent on reducing balance method is available for capital expenditure incurred on plant and machinery. For capital expenditure on certain plant and machinery with at least 25 years of long working life and with a minimum expenditure of

Music in the 20th Century

Music in the 20th Century The 20th century is described as the period from 1900-1999, however, there is an inconsistency with the dates allocated to this period of music (20th century music). Most people believe the dates to be 1900-1940. This is because when people refer to 20th century music, they are referring to 20th century â€Å"classical† music (as opposed to jazz, rock, pop etc.).This period (1900-1940) is when the main works of the era were composed. There were many countries involved in the development of this era. Countries such as Germany and Russia (influenced neoclassicism) and France (influenced impressionism). Other areas, such as Argentina, Brazil and Latin America produced some important composers. Prominent composers in this era include; Igor Stravinsky, Claude Debussy, George Gershwin, Bela Bartok and Arnold Schoenberg. Although music from the 20th century is vastly different from previous eras, the composers were still influenced by elements of the past. They used a combination these elements and the other elements introduced in this era to create their own sound. There are five basic categories to describe the musical elements of 20th century music. These are melody, rhythm, harmony, texture and timbre/instrumentation. The melodies were wide-ranging, contained wide-leaps (much less vocal-centric), and were unbalanced and unpredictable. There was much less emphasis put on the melody and this meant the rhythms became more important. This is different from the previous eras except for the fact that the Baroque and Romantic eras also had hard-to-remember melodies. The rhythms in 20th century music became more complex. There were frequent tempo changes and the music used polyrhythms and other exciting and different rhythmic techniques. These polyrhythms can be seen in Charles Ives’ music. As men tioned before, there was more emphasis on rhythm in this era compared to the previous eras. The rhythms were also quite unpredictable. Other than that, these elements are quite similar to the romantic era and quite different to the classical era (steady tempo etc.). There were a few new harmonic techniques introduced in this era. These include the fourth chord (notes a fourth apart), the polychord (two chords played at the same time) and tone clusters. With regards to key, there was an increase in atonal (no home key) and polytonal (more than one home key) music and also the introduction of the 12-tone technique. There was an uncontrolled emphasis on dissonance and dissonant chords, similar to the romantic era, except dissonance in the 20th century was used way more frequently. This created a constant clashing sound/feel in the music that was almost unheard of in the classical and Baroque eras. The texture of this era was polyphonic and contrapuntal as opposed to homophonic. There w as more of an emphasis on increasing tonal range and on percussion and wind instruments as opposed to string instruments as seen in the previous eras. Their role was changed to that of a more percussive one, as seen in Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring. Electronic instruments were also sometimes used. This era was a time of revolt and change. Like any other period it is a change as a reaction to the previous ideas of the previous eras. At first these styles were not received well (causing riots at concerts), but eventually, people got used to the unconventional style of this era. It is quite different to the periods before it. The developments in this era include: more electronic instruments being used and developments in compositional techniques that completely disregarded previous rules or systems (while sometimes using elements for the previous eras). This can be seen in the development of the harmonic techniques. It was basically a time where each composer could experiment and create their own style and sound (e.g use of whole-tone and pentatonic scales). This was because they did not have to follow existing rules set out for them, like in the baroque and classical periods. Impressionism, as the name suggests, focuses on the impression of an idea that a piece of music evokes rather than having a clear description. This creates a soft, subtle, almost dream-like effect. The music has a colourful texture and uses unusual scales such as the whole-tone scale. It was influenced by the impressionist movement in France, which was an artistic movement. Many of the composers were influenced by the nature of the paintings themselves. Some say this movement was a reaction to late romanticism. Composers within the genre preferred to use short genres and forms such as preludes, nocturnes and arabesques. A prominent composer in this style is French composer, Claude Debussy. You can clearly see elements of impressionism in his composition, Clair De Lune from Suite Bergamasque. The piece has an overall dream-like effect and Debussy experiments with non-functional harmony. Even though it opens and closes with the tonic chord of D flat major, the root key throughout the p iece is unclear. There is a presence of dissonance and the rhythms are relatively complex. As mentioned before there is a use of unconventional harmony. Expressionism is extremely emotionally driven. It acts as reaction to the composer’s subconscious mind.† It was influenced/started by Van Gogh’s paintings. The music is not meant to be â€Å"pretty† or â€Å"pleasing to the ear .This is why some say it is a reaction to this positive characteristic of Impressionism. The music is very expressive, similar to the romantic period, so there are contrasts in dynamics and tempo. The melodies are also unbalanced with wide–leaps and complex rhythms. There is still a presence of dissonance and tonality has also basically been terminated. Some genres within this style include orchestral pieces and dramas such as operas, melodramas and one- act dramas. This was probably a popular genre because dramas are sure to evoke the strong emotion the music suggests. A prominent composer in this genre is Austrian composer, Arnold Schoenberg. He influenced the development of atonality and 12-tone technique. Many elements of expressionism can be seen in his composition, Erwotung Op.17 (1909). This composition is a score for his one-act drama, Erwotung. The music of the orchestra perfectly reflects the strong emotions of the main character (when she finds her dead lover) and the depressing story line, which supposedly has elements of dirty realism. This composition has no overall musical, rhythmic, melodic and harmonic structure (it is through-composed). It is atonal, as most expressionist music is, and it is still quite expressive. Neoclassicism is more â€Å"structural† than impressionism and expressionism. It is more balanced and places more emphasis on emotional restriction. This was influenced by the elements of the classical period and that is why it is called Neoclassicism. It was a reaction to the emotionally driven romanticism and expressionism periods. Germany and France were involved with the development of this style because of the composers it produced. Even though there was more structure, there were still elements of 20th music, such as complex/exciting rhythmic aspects. Similar to the classical period, genres within this style include symphonies, operas, chamber music, concerto grosso, fugue etc. A prominent composer within this style is Igor Stravinsky. He is a Russian composer who converted to this style after the 1920s. It is said that his opera, The Rake’s Progress, was the composition that concluded his Neoclassicism. This opera was set in the 18th century; therefore it gave wa y for classical elements in the music to be displayed. It is a 3-act opera that is based on the legend of Faust. Stravinsky uses counterpoint in this opera which indicates a contrapuntal texture. As with most of Stravinsky’s works, the rhythms relatively energetic and there is a melodic and harmonic diversity. The 20th century was a time of change and experimentation and 20th century music reflects that. The many styles and techniques that have developed from this one era and the non-existent limits that were put into place for composers reflects just how less structured the music was compared to the previous eras of music. (1314 words) REFERENCE PAGE An Analysis of Clair De Lune from Suite Bergamasque.Thomas Stones Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2014. . All about Romantic Music and Its Features.All about Romantic Music and Its Features. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2014. . BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2014. . Comparison between Romantic, Impressionist and Early 20th Century Music.Inkling. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2014. Erwartung, Monodrama in 1 Act, Op. 17 Arnold Schoenberg | Details, Parts / Movements and Recordings | AllMusic.AllMusic. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2014. . . GMK notes: grade 11 and 9(SA and FR) â€Å"Igor Stravinsky.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 09 Mar. 2014. Web. 04 Sept. 2014. Impressionist Music.Princeton University. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2014. . Leeuw, Ton De, and Rokus De. Groot.Music of the Twentieth Century: A Study of Its Elements and Structure. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2005. Print. Music Listening 20th Century.Flashcards. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2014. . The Different isms of Music.About. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2014. The Rakes Progress. Simple English Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2014. . Three Musicians.Three Musicians. N.p., n.d. Web. 27Aug. 2014. . Music in the 20th Century Music in the 20th Century The 20th century music started around the time of 1900 – 1960. The simplest way to describe the 20th century is: the period of fundamental change. Different styles were popular in different areas. This type of music was very common in European countries, places like Germany and France were very involved in the creation of the era as well as composers in America. This era was a different era to any that had gone before, all music characteristics that were once part of the romantic era were completely contrasted to create the 20th century music which is emotionless yet evokes emotion. There were many famous composers during the 20th century such as Claude Debussy (1862 – 1918), a French composer; and Maurice Ravel (1875 – 1937) – they were known as the two â€Å"great† impressionist. As well as them was Igor Stravinsky (1882 – 1971) he composed neoclassical pieces. George Gershwin (1898 1937) an American composer incorporated jazz blues into h is pieces. These are just a few composers who tried to compose music which was out of the ordinary. During the transformation from Romantic era to 20th Century a lot of things changes. Suddenly some elements were more important than others. Where in Romantic era tonality was not as important it became more important in the 20th Century. Form was once important, especially in baroque, but in the 20th century it became less important. Rhythms however became an important part of 20th century music they were very different to the rhythms of the previous periods. Harmonies became more complex and new. The texture was predominantly the same but in some 20th century styles the texture would change often. George Gershwin, an American composer, was one of the composers that used new scales and harmonies in his pieces. He implemented jazz blues into his piece â€Å"Rhapsody in Blue†. The characteristics of the 20th Century music was new to everyone that lived in that time. Tone colour changed from having to blend to not blending at all and the use of percussion instruments increased. Melodies and harmonies too were no longer as they were. Chords were being used differently melodies were becoming unpredictable. There was less emphasis on the differentiation between consonant and dissonant harmonies. Composers started using the twelve-tone system a lot more often as well. In pieces such as Assez Lent by Maurice Ravel, you can clearly hear the change between the dissonant and consonant parts of the piece as well as the constant change in dynamic and the use of chromatic notes. Impressionistic music was mainly composed in the European area. The aim of this music was not to express emotion or to tell a story but rather to create atmosphere and allow listeners to create their own interpretations. This music style included many dissonant chords and an extensive use of whole-tone scales. Other characteristics such as differences in dynamics, continuous change in texture and frequent modulation was also used in this style. Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel are the most well-known impressionist composers in the 20th century. A well-known composition composed by Ravel was The Pavane of the Dead Princess. The piece gained much interest through the image the title portrayed, it was suggestive â€Å"who is the dead princess?† the title is even more impressionistic as the piece is not about a dance for a dead princess but rather a young princess dancing to a pavane. Ravel’s opinion on the piece changed as he felt it was not original enough, that the ABACA form was too weak. Expressionisms is a style that originated in Germany. Its main feature was to create emotional within the listener. Expressionists attempted to create emotion through creating music that was different to what had been composed in previously. The lack of tonality and sharp melodies definitely created emotions within the listeners as it was completely different to anything that had been written in the romantic era. A well-known composer of this style is Arnold Schoenberg, creator of the twelve-tone system. Pierrot Lunaire, is a common composition of Schoenberg’s. You can tell that it is an expressionism piece through the use of twelve-tone notes, irregular rhythms and constant time signature changes. Neoclassicism is a music style that was predominant during the two world wars. It is a style in which the music contains characteristics and elements from musical styles of previous eras, most commonly classical. Some of these elements include balance form and lack of emotion. Although the music has imitations of the classical and baroque era, it still includes the new harmonisations and progressions found in the 20th century music. Neoclassicism was seen as a style going against the styles of the romantic period, it was not considered to be a protest or movement but rather it became popular for musicians to compose in this style. One of the most common composers of neoclassicism was Igor Stravinsky. He composed one of the first neoclassical pieces was The Rite of Spring. The public at the time rioted about the new style as it was completely different to everything they had heard before, the lack of harmonisation and dissonant sounds was displeasing and in that way evoked emotion alt hough negative at that. The 20th Century period was by far the most productive era. Everything that occurred in the 20th century changed to idea of music completely. What once was just strict harmonies and beautiful melodies could now be atonal and have no real structure. Even the sound of an audience could be considered music. This drastic change in music ideology has and will affect the way music is produced in today’s time. References Unknown: (ppt) 20th Century â€Å"ism† Dr Melanie Foster, 2009: Analysis of The Rite of Spring http://igorsrite.blogspot.com/2009/06/analysis-of-rite-of-spring.html Three Musicians. 2014. Three Musicians. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.tarleton.edu/Faculty/boucher/Fundamentals20thCentury.htm. Music History and Analysis. Atlantic International University: bachelor, master, doctoral degree. 2014. Music History and Analysis. Atlantic International University: bachelor, master, doctoral degree. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.aiu.edu/publications/student/english/131-179/Music-History-and-Analysis.html Neoclassicism (music) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2014. Neoclassicism (music) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_Musicoldid=134035187 BBC GCSE Bitesize: Expressionism. 2014. BBC GCSE Bitesize: Expressionism. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/music/music_20th_century/schoenberg1 Impressionism. 2014. Impressionism. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.academic.muohio.edu/mus189/impressionism/ Maurice Ravel The Elegant Impressionist. 2014. Maurice Ravel The Elegant Impressionist. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.favorite-classical-composers.com/maurice-ravel.html. Program Notes Title. 2014. Program Notes Title. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.barbwired.com/barbweb/programs/ravel_pavane.html.

Health Promotion Essay -- Healthy Lifestyle Essay

Health by definition is the complete physical, mental and social well-being (Burch, 2001). In the past health has been defined as the absence of disease. Health promotion enables people the ability and resources to improve and control their overall health. Being able to adjust and adapt to various social and physical environments in day-to-day activities is a trait of a healthy individual. Health promotion is not just the responsibility of those individuals in the health field. An individual?s well-being reflects whether or not that person has a healthy lifestyle. Therefore health promotion becomes an issue for employers, retailers, sports and policy makers among others because issues such as safety and environmental factors will have an influence on the well-being of an individual (Ottawa Charter, 1986). Collaborative and coordinated efforts to provide safer goods and services, and a cleaner, more enjoyable environment should be the goal for all. The goal of all involved sho uld be to provide a healthier environment that will provide a better well-being for the population. Promoting health requires the detection of any barriers that would hinder the health promotion process and removal of them. Promoting health is, also, educating the public to current health issues. There are various aspects of health promotion. Health promotion can be applied to any group or environment. A few of the more popular places and populations we see health promotion being addressed more often are the workplace, community, among adolescent, and the elderly. However, I believe the most effective and important place to begin health promotion is within our school systems. Promoting a healthy lifestyle, bettering quality of life, and prev... ...r 1, 2001 from Expanded Academic Index ASAP database. Manson, S. M., (1997). One small step for Science, one giant lead for prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 2, 215. Retrieved October 1, 2001 from Expanded Academic Index ASAP database. 1Center for Disease Control, (2001). Healthy Aging: Preventing Disease and Improving Quality of Life Among Older Americans. Retrieved October 1, 2001 from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/aag-aging.htm 2Center for Disease Control (2001). School Health Programs: An investment in Our Nation?s Future. Retrieved October 1, 2001 from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/ataglanc.htm Healthy People, (2001). http://www.health.gov/healthypeople/ Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986). First International Conference of Health Promotion. Retrieved October 1, 2001 from http://www.who.dk/policy/ottawa.htm